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This article discusses setting up a virtual machine (VM) as a virtual private server (VPS) and accessing it using secure shell (SSH). This VM VPS can then be used to test configuration and software changes before deployment to a live VPS. A deployed VPS can usually be accessed using SSH, therefore using SSH into VPS running on a VM is good practice for a live situation. This test configuration should accurately reflect the live VPS, reducing mistakes when moving from test to production. This tutorial and guide shows how to set up a VirtualBox VM and access it via the SSH client PuTTY, replicating production world VPS access.

You should never test on live systems. Replicate the live system in a test environment. Use the test environment to try out new configurations and software. When happy with the changes deploy to the live system with confidence. Of course there is no guarantee that the changes to the live system will not cause problems. However, the chance of errors occurring is reduced. The test environment should be the same as the live systems so that changes have the same affect when deployed.

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Using a VM is a good way to test a system without impacting a local machine. VirtualBox is a free application that can run VMs. This article uses VirtualBox to configure a VM as a test VPS.

A VPS running in the cloud can be replicated on a local machine using a VM. The first step is to create a local VM. Then on the local VM install the same OS as the one running on the live VPS.

Use Port Forwarding for the Test VPS Networking

By default port 22 is used for SSH, see a list of TCP and UDP port numbers in Wikipedia. VirtualBox can be configured to listen to a port on the host machine and forward any traffic for that port to a port on the VM. This is configured in the VM’s network settings.

To change the network settings the VM VPS must be powered off or suspended. Or save the machine state with the VirtualBox VM window’s File then Close menu option.

With the VM highlighted in the VirtualBox Manager click the Settings icon or use the Machine menu and select Settings.

Under Network the Adapter 1 tab is selected, the default virtual network adapter enabled for the VM VPS. Click Advanced then click the Port Forwarding button On the Port Forwarding Rules dialog click the Adds new port forwarding rule icon. Give the new rule a name, e.g. ssh rule, the protocol will be TCP, Host IP address is blank. Choose a Host Port such as 2222, Guest IP is blank and Guest Port will be 22. Click OK to create the new rule.

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Leaving the IP addresses blank means that if the host or guest IPs change then rule will still work. The host port should not be in use by another application or service (see the the Wikipedia list for common uses of ports). While 2222 is used by some products it is easy to remember as it is simply the default port 22 written twice. Use any valid port number in the range 1025 to 65535.

Install the PuTTY Terminal Emulator

The application PuTTY is a terminal emulation program, it implements Telnet, SSH and other network protocols. PuTTY can be used for remote connections to Windows or Unix type machines, such as a Linux based VPS.

Using PuTTY to SSH into VPS Running on a VM

Open PuTTY, start a new session, the Hostname is localhost (your machine), which is the same as entering 127.0.0.1. The port is 2222, or whichever port number was set up in the port forwarding rule. Click the Open button.

The first time PuTTY connects to the VPS a security alert is shown. Confirm that the VPS is the valid by selecting Yes (it is running on the VM on the localhost). By selecting Yes the alert will not appear next time. A terminal window will appear and if everything is configured correctly the login prompt will be available. Log in as root with the password set during install. Run a command such as ls to list the files in the directory.

Typing logout will end the session and close the PuTTY window.

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This article summarizes how to set up a convenient and secure access to Technology Solutions managed servers.

For convenient and secure access to Technology Solutions managed servers, we support using SSH key pairs to access these services. An SSH public/private key pair acts like a lock and key both customized for your access. When you register an SSH public key it will be uploaded to all Technology Solutions managed servers on which you have an account on within an hour. You will then be able to use your private key to access the server. The same public/private key pair is used for all systems, though you can upload multiple public keys if you like.

We encourage the use of SSH keys for a few reasons: First, it prevents password guessing attacks on servers that are configured to not accept any passwords. Second, it prevents a potential attacker from stealing a password that may also be used for other university resources. Having no password means there is no password to steal. Finally, SSH keys are convenient, especially if you wish to set up programs that interact with your virtual machines such as to run commands as well as uploading and downloading files.

Whatever SSH program you use, it should provide a way to generate an SSH public/private key pair. Below we provide instructions on how to do it with a few popular SSH programs. Once you've generated you keys, upload your public key, do NOT upload your private key. You must keep your private key secure, you may also wish to encrypt it for added security.

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SecureCRT and SecureFX for Windows

SecureCRT and SecureFX are commercial Windows SSH and SFTP programs provided free of charge to UIC users through the Webstore.

1. To configure your SSH keys in either SecureCRT or SecureFX, open the Quick Connect window.
2. Under Authentication select PublicKey, then click the Properties button.
   
3. In the Public Key Properties window, click Create Identify File.
4. This will open the Key Generation Wizard. Select Key type of DSA and click Next.
   
5. You may then add a passphrase to protect your key, then click Next.
   
6. Select a Key length of 2048 then click Next again. Wait for key generation to complete.
   
7. Save your new key using OpenSSH Key format. Take note of the filename of your new key as well as the public key filename.
   

Use the SSH Keys form to upload your new public key. This is the file of type 'PUB' and with the file extension '.pub'. It may take up to an hour for your new public key to be active on your virtual servers. After an hour, you should be able to connect with your new private key.

PuTTy SSH Client for Windows

PuTTY is a popular free SSH client for Microsoft Windows. To download PuTTY, visit The PuTTY Download Page. To use PuTTY with public/private key authentication, you'll need both putty.exe and puttygen.exe. These are simple programs and do not use an installer. Install the executables wherever you find convenient.

1. To generate your key pair, launch puttygen.exe by double clicking on it. This will open a PuTTY Key Generator window.
2. Near the bottom of the window is a Parameters section. We recommend setting the key type to SSH-2 DSA and number of bits in a key to 2048.
3. Click Generate then move your mouse randomly about in the blank area of the window until the key generator indicates it has enough randomness to generate your key.
   
4. Use the Save public key and Save private key buttons to save your new public and private SSH keys. Save these in a convenient location, such as in a folder on your Desktop, then close the PuTTY Key Generator.
   
5. Use the SSH Keys form to upload your new public key.
   
6. Finally open putty.exe. In the left-hand menu, open Connection->SSH->Auth.
7. Use the file selector Browse button to select your new private key file. Then under Session enter the host name of the virtual server you wish to connect to.
   
8. You will also want to save your session so you don't have to go through this setup every time. You can do this by typing in a session name in the Save Sessions box then clicking the Save button. To reuse these settings later, just open putty.exe and double-click the session name.
   

Using Terminal for Mac OS X

OpenSSH is the most popular SSH command line tool set. If you have Mac OS X, Linux or any UNIX variant, then you already have the OpenSSH command line tools installed.

To generate a key pair, at a command prompt run:

It will prompt you as to where to store the key, this is your private key. By default it will select to save the key in your home directory under a sub directory called .ssh in a file calledid_dsa. This is a good default, as this will also make your SSH key the default used when using ssh to connect to your virtual server. If you already have a key pair and wish to generate a separate one, then pick a different file name.

ssh-keygen will also prompt you for a passphrase. This is a string of characters used to encrypt your private key. If you simply hit enter, without typing a passphrase, then your private key will not be encrypted.

Your public key will be named the same as your private key with .pub appended to the end of the file name. So the default is id_dsa.pub.

To upload your public key, use the SSH Keys form above to select your pubilc key file. It will be in a directory named .ssh in your home directory. On OSX this is found at/Users/YourUserName/.ssh and on Linux and UNIX type systems this is typically /home/YourUserName/.ssh. Note that '.ssh' is considered a 'hidden' folder and may not be shown by your web browser when you upload your key. If it is not shown, you may type out the '.ssh' location and it should then show the directory contents. Anternatively you may wish to copy your private key out of the '.ssh' directory before uploading. When you upload your private Make certain your select the '.pub' file and do not upload your private key!

Once your public key is uploaded, it should be listed above. It can take up to an hour for your key to be deployed to all of your virtual servers. To use your public key, simply use the ssh command at the command line. If you specified a different key file location from the id_dsa default, then you'll need to specify the '-i' option and a path to tell ssh where to find your private key. If you specified a passphrase to encrypt your key, you'll be prompted for that as well. The virtual server will not prompt you for a password. If you do get prompted for a password from the server then something has gone wrong, do not provide a password! Finally, the first time you connect to a server you'll be asked to accept the server's identity. Subsequent contact with your server will check the fingerprint against the fingerprint you get this first time.

Using Fetch for Mac OS X

Fetch is a popular SFTP client for Mac OS X.

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1. Select File then New Connection.
   
2. Enter the server's hostname and your username for that server.
   
3. Be sure to select SFTP from the Connection Type drop down menu.
   
4. In the password field, enter a dummy password, just type anything (but don’t leave it blank) and then Connect.